What is the news?

 

• • The discovery of two genetically distinct groups of the Indian Star Tortoise marks a significant step in conservation efforts for this vulnerable species.

• • This editorial explores the implications of this research, shedding light on the species’ characteristics, threats, and the way forward for sustainable conservation.

 

About Indian Star Tortoise

 

• • The Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans) is a captivating reptile native to the Indian subcontinent. Found in arid regions of northwest India, southern India, and Sri Lanka, this species is a vital part of its ecosystem.

 

Features:

 

• • Appearance: Characterized by a striking obsidian shell adorned with sun-yellow star patterns.

• • Sexual Dimorphism: Females are significantly larger than males.

• • Size: They can grow up to 10 inches long.

• • Diet and Behavior: Predominantly herbivorous, they feed on grasses, fruits, and flowers.

 

Conservation Status:

 

• • CITES: Listed in Appendix I, prohibiting international trade.

• • IUCN: Classified as Vulnerable.

• • Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I, granting the highest level of protection.

• • Ethical Concerns: Owning these tortoises as pets is not only illegal in India but also unethical, given their declining populations.

 

Conservation Challenges:

 

Threats

 

• • Wildlife Trafficking: High demand for Indian star tortoises as exotic pets in countries like the US and Canada fuels illegal smuggling.
• • Habitat Fragmentation: Human activities such as agriculture and urbanization have led to the destruction of their natural habitats.
• • Health Vulnerabilities: They are highly susceptible to diseases, including pneumonia and respiratory infections, often exacerbated in captivity.

 

Genetic Divergence and Conservation:

 

Researchers from the Wildlife Institute of India and Punjab University conducted genome sequencing on specimens from zoos, wildlife reserves, and protected areas. This study revealed two genetically distinct groups:

 

• • Northwestern Group: Found in the arid regions near the India-Pakistan border.

• • Southern Group: Residing in South India and Sri Lanka.

 

Implications of Genetic Divergence;

 

• The genetic differences are not merely academic; they have tangible conservation implications:

 

Scientific Release Strategies:

 

• • Captive tortoises should be released in their respective genetic zones to maintain population integrity.

• • Mixing populations through unscientific releases can depress breeding rates and reduce genetic diversity.

• • Enhanced Conservation Planning: Understanding the genetic makeup can help formulate targeted strategies for habitat protection, disease control, and reducing trafficking.

 

 

Steps Towards Conservation

 

Policy and Enforcement

 

• • Strengthen enforcement of anti-trafficking laws under CITES and the Wildlife Protection Act.
  • Collaborate with international bodies to curb the illegal trade of tortoises.

 

Research and Monitoring

 

• • Extend genetic studies to map the entire distribution and variations within the species.
  • Monitor released populations to ensure their survival and adaptation.

 

Public Awareness

 

• • Educate communities on the ecological importance of the Indian star tortoise.
  • Discourage the ownership of exotic pets through campaigns and stricter regulations.

 

Habitat Protection

 

• • Expand protected areas in the regions where the two genetic groups reside.
  • Encourage afforestation and habitat restoration to counteract fragmentation.

 

Conclusion

 

• • The identification of genetic divergence in Indian star tortoises underscores the intricate interplay between biology and conservation. This finding not only highlights the species’ uniqueness but also provides a roadmap for their survival. By adopting scientifically informed conservation strategies, India can safeguard this iconic reptile for future generations.

 

 

 

QuizTime:

 

Mains Questions:

 

Model Answer:

 

The Indian Star Tortoise faces significant conservation challenges, including:

 

• • Wildlife Trafficking: High demand as exotic pets drives illegal smuggling.

• • Habitat Fragmentation: Agricultural expansion and urbanization destroy their habitats.

• • Health Vulnerabilities: Captive tortoises are prone to diseases like pneumonia.

 

Measures to Address Challenges:

 

• • Strengthen Enforcement: Ensure strict implementation of the Wildlife Protection Act and CITES regulations.

• • Scientific Releases: Release rescued tortoises into their respective genetic zones to preserve diversity.

• • Habitat Protection: Expand protected areas and restore degraded habitats.

• • Awareness Campaigns: Educate the public on the ecological importance of the species and discourage exotic pet ownership.

 

• A coordinated approach involving research, law enforcement, and community participation is vital for effective conservation.

 

 

Model Answer:

 

• The identification of two genetically distinct groups of Indian Star Tortoises—northwestern and southern—holds critical implications for conservation.

 

Significance:

 

• • Preserves Genetic Integrity: Scientific releases ensure captive tortoises are returned to their specific geographic zones, maintaining population diversity.

• • Avoids Breeding Depression: Prevents mixing of genetically distinct populations, which can reduce breeding success.

• • Targeted Conservation: Facilitates region-specific strategies to address habitat and health challenges.

 

Practical Applications:

 

• • Researchers recommend genome-based approaches for managing rescued tortoises, strengthening population viability, and mitigating risks of unscientific releases. This finding underscores the need for conservation planning that respects genetic diversity, ensuring the long-term survival of the species.
• • By integrating genetic insights into policy and practice, we can enhance the effectiveness of conservation initiatives for the Indian Star Tortoise.

 

All Mains Questions: Read Here

 

Remember: These are just sample answers. It’s important to further research and refine your responses based on your own understanding and perspective. Read entire UPSC Current Affairs.